“Over the three decades supercomputer throughput rates have increased dramatically from 100s of MFLOPs in 1985 to tens of PFLOPS today, making U.S. universities pre-eminent in the world in computational S&E, which is a tribute to both NSF and Centers’ dedication and leadership. Looking ahead to the impacts of synaptic computing, high-performance computing coupled with data analysis, and cloud computing coupled with the Internet of Things (IOT), the challenges and opportunities in computational S&E in all sectors of U.S. Society is projected to advance dramatically.”